Quarterly Journal of Comparative Research in Law and Social Sciences

Abstract The Iranian criminal justice system has traditionally relied on fixed monetary fines, a mechanism that determines penalty amounts solely based on the severity of the offense without considering the offender’s economic capacity. This study aims to critique this approach and assess the feasibility of replacing it with a “day-fine” system. The research employs a descriptive–analytical method, using library-based studies (Iranian criminal laws and regulations, judicial practice, criminological sources) and comparative analyses of successful systems such as those of Finland and Germany. Data collection tools include content analysis of legal documents, comparative field examination, and analysis of criminological and jurisprudential theories, with findings interpreted through a comparative–inferential approach. The results indicate that the fixed fine structure in Iran, by disregarding indicators such as income, assets, and living expenses, conflicts with core principles of criminal justice—including proportionality, deterrent justice, and equality before the law—and, in practice, results in unequal punitive burdens among different social classes. Comparative analysis further reveals that the day-fine model, which combines two components—“number of fine days” (aligned with offense severity) and “daily fine amount” (based on the offender’s financial capacity)—can impose an equivalent punitive burden on offenders regardless of their economic status, maintaining deterrence while preventing the reproduction of inequality. The novelty of this study lies in proposing a localized framework for implementing the day-fine system in Iran, grounded in the experiences of leading jurisdictions and an analysis of its legal and institutional capacities and challenges.

Abstract Background and Objective: Doping trafficking networks represent a severe, multi-faceted threat to sports, especially for female athletes. Doping causes significant physical and psychological harm, undermines fair competition, and damages the ethical foundations of sport at all levels. Effectively identifying and countering these networks, which increasingly exploit new technologies like social media, is crucial for mitigating the extensive damage caused by doping. This research aims to analyze methods for identifying these trafficking networks by leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) capabilities on social media platforms.

Methods: This descriptive-analytical study is based on secondary data analysis and a review of AI technology literature. It focuses specifically on methods for extracting and analyzing textual and linguistic data related to doping trafficking from social media platforms.

Results: The findings demonstrate that AI models, such as machine learning, can generate valuable qualitative and quantitative data on traffickers' network structures and hidden transaction patterns. Processing textual and linguistic data enables the extraction of vital intelligence, including suspect identities, the scale of operations, and other key variables. The application of AI now allows for the real-time, simultaneous identification of production locations, trafficking routes, and the traffickers themselves within these networks.

Conclusion: The advanced capabilities of AI in uncovering doping trafficking networks present a powerful tool for judicial systems. It is instrumental in preventing and combating damage to athlete health and the wider sporting and social consequences of doping.

Abstract Financial and economic crimes cover a range of illegal activities resulting in financial losses and damages to economies and institutions. These crimes include, crimes in the area of conflict of interest fraud, tax evasion, money laundering, financial corruption, etc. If this approach is taken by influential people, such as the formation of rentier groups with all kinds of immunity and... It can be a very serious disadvantage for the ruling political system, such as the deprivation of public trust in the governance of judicial discrimination and... The purpose of this is to recognize some of these injuries.In this article we will look at the analytical descriptive look to find an answer to this question How can the existence of criminal subcultures of economic and financial crimes in people with political influence in dealing with the criminal justice system be discussed and explained It seems that the presence of criminal cultures in the form of specific political immunities makes it easier for people with political influence to commit economic crimes. And they commit money,and it causes the social divide and the frustration of justice among the public, the platforms of protests and political and security insecurities and so on....) Find the figure. There are different ways out there to minimize injuries, including (the real circulation of the elite, the expansion of electronic and popular surveillance, and so on...) That can reduce this situation, bring it closer to the desired situation.

Abstract The scope of postponement is limited to Ta’zir crimes of the fifth to eighth degree. Considering that some Ta’zir crimes less than the fifth degree, crimes subject to Hadd, Qisas, and Diyah are affected by the victim’s forgiveness, it can be considered a good opportunity to gain the plaintiff’s satisfaction in the pre-trial and post-trial stages and, as a result, the offender’s release from punishment. In unforgivable crimes, it also provides a reason for mitigation, conversion, and implementation of alternative punishments. Finally, the greater attention of Iranian criminal policy decision-makers to the postponement strategy, which is based on expediency tolerance, rationality, and criminal tolerance, restorative justice, etc., plays an effective role in organizing the system and managing criminal justice. Our country, in adopting the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, based on rich Sharia sources and Islamic standards; The Quran, tradition and institutions of tolerance and opportunity, such as suspension of execution of punishment, are confirmed by reason with the approach of new institutions such as exemption from punishment, postponement of sentence, alternatives to imprisonment, in the section of Ta'zir style punishments, levels 6, 5, and 8. The aforementioned tolerance institutions before, during, and after determining the punishment are closely related to many concepts of progressive criminal policy such as human dignity, individualization of criminal justice, decriminalization, etc. This article uses a descriptive, analytical, and library method, and it can be inferred that the examples and scope of tolerance and tolerance in tolerance institutions and social interest and the conditions and circumstances of the individual such as suspension of prosecution, postponement of prosecution, postponement of sentence, mediation, archiving of the case, etc. in crimes subject to hadd, qisas, diyat, and especially Ta'zir punishments can be implemented by observing the principles and standards of Sharia.

Abstract Economic exploitation of children and adolescents is one of the most important social and legal problems in contemporary societies, which not only violates their fundamental rights, but also hinders the realization of social justice and sustainable development. Legal studies show that the Iranian legislative system has drawn a relative framework to combat this phenomenon by approving the "Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents" approved in 2020 and the regulations contained in the Labor Law. At the international level, documents such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Labor Organization conventions have provided binding and coordinating standards to protect children from economic exploitation. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach, examines the foundations, examples, and mechanisms of combating economic exploitation in domestic law and international documents And it is indicative of the fact that although Iranian laws are in line with international standards in principle, shortcomings in definitions and examples, criminal enforcement guarantees, responsible institutions, and public awareness are challenges in achieving effective protection for children.

Abstract Undoubtedly, the development of technology, especially in artificial intelligence (AI), which is a broad branch of computer science, has had a huge impact on human behavior and has led researchers to participate in this important field to respond to legal problems caused by crimes. The question is: does the robotic programmer or AI take criminal responsibility for AI? Or does AI have an independent legal personality on which criminal liability depends? The question remains unclear about the expected criminal punishment that fits this new AI legal figure. We also examine the criminal responsibility of the manufacturer, programmer, user and designer for the work of artificial intelligence and robotics, and try to examine the legal framework for regulating the relationship between humans and artificial intelligence (robots) as follows: the normal laws of the use of artificial intelligence, and the criminal responsibility for the actions of artificial intelligence. This is intended to provide a new theory in relation to the criminal liability of AI in relation to the granting of electronic legal personality to AI to burden criminal liability for its actions, which is outside the scope of responsibility of the developer and programmer and the user and owner of these intelligent systems. It is based on the analytical – descriptive and library method to examine the issue of redefining criminal liability in the light of artificial intelligence. The research results show that studies and topics related to determining criminal liability for AI actions cover practical applications and the most important legal problems that arise according to the legal personality and criminal liability of AI.